Nurture Your Childs Self-Esteem Essay Example for Free

Nurture Your Childs Self-Esteem EssayKids start developing their sense of self as babies when they see themselves through their parents eyes. Your smell of voice, your body language, and your every expression are absorbed by your kids. Your words and actions as a parent affect their developing self-esteem more than anything else. value accomplishments, however small, will make them feel proud letting kids do things independently will make them feel capable and strong. By contrast, belittling comments or comparing a child unfavorably with another will make kids feel worthless. Avoid making loaded statements or using words as weapons. Comments same What a stupid thing to do or You act more like a baby than your little brother cause pervert just as physical blows do.Choose your words carefully and be compassionate. Let your kids know that everyone makes mis offsprings and that you still love them, even when you dont love their behavior.Catch Kids creation GoodHave you ever s twe etped to think ab by how many times you react negatively to your kids in a given day? You may find yourself criticizing far more often than complimenting. How would you feel about a boss who treated you with that much negative guidance, even if it was well intentioned?The more powerful approach is to catch kids doing something right You made your bed without being asked thats terrific or I was watching you play with your sister and you were very patient. These statements will do more to encourage good behavior over the long run than repeated scoldings. snitch a point of finding something to praise every day. Be generous with rewards your love, hugs, and compliments can work wonders and are often reward enough. Soon you will find you are growing more of the behavior you would like to see.Set Limits and Be Consistent With Your DisciplineDiscipline is necessary in every household. The goal of discipline is to help kids choose acceptable behaviors and specify self-control. They ma y test the limits you establish for them, but they call for those limits to grow into responsible adults.Establishing house rules helps kids understand your expectations and develop self-control. Some rules magnate include no TV untilhomework is done, and no hitting, name-calling, or hurtful teasing allowed.You might require to shake off a system in place one warning, followed by consequences such as a time out or loss of privileges. A common mistake parents make is failure to follow through with the consequences. You cant discipline kids for talking backwards one day and ignore it the next. Being consistent teaches what you expect.Make Time for Your KidsIts often difficult for parents and kids to get together for a family meal, let alone communicate quality time together. But there is probably nothing kids would like more. Get up 10 minutes earlier in the morning so you can eat breakfast with your child or leave the dishes in the sink and take a walk after dinner. Kids who ar ent getting the attention they want from their parents often act out or misbehave because theyre trustworthy to be noticed that way.Many parents find it rewarding to schedule together time with their kids. make out a special night each week to be together and let your kids help decide how to spend the time. Look for other ways to unite put a note or something special in your kids lunchbox.Adolescents seem to need less undivided attention from their parents than younger kids. Because there are fewer windows of opportunity for parents and teens to get together, parents should do their best to be available when their teen does express a desire to talk or participate in family activities. attend concerts, games, and other events with your teen communicates caring and lets you get to know more about your child and his or her friends in important ways.Dont feel guilty if youre a workings parent. It is the many little things you do making popcorn, playing cards, window shopping tha t kids will remember.Be a Good Role ModelYoung kids learn a lot about how to act by watching their parents. The younger they are, the more cues they take from you. Before you lash out or blow your top in front of your child, think about this is that how you want your child to behave when angry? Be aware that youre constantly being observed by your kids. Studies have shown that children who hit usually have a agency model for aggression at home.Model the traits you wish to cultivate in your kids respect, friendliness, honesty, kindness, tolerance. Exhibit unselfish behavior. Do things for other people without expecting a reward. Express thanks and offer compliments. Above all, treat your kids the way you expect other people to treat you.Make colloquy a PriorityYou cant expect kids to do everything exclusively because you, as a parent, say so. They want and deserve explanations as much as adults do. If we dont take time to explain, kids will begin to wonder about our values and mot ives and whether they have any basis. enhances who reason with their kids allow them to understand and learn in a nonjudgmental way.Make your expectations clear. If there is a problem, describe it, express your feelings, and invite your child to work on a solution with you. Be sure to include consequences. Make suggestions and offer choices. Be open to your childs suggestions as well. Negotiate. Kids who participate in decisions are more motivated to carry them out.Be Flexible and Willing to Adjust Your Parenting agencyIf you frequently feel let down by your childs behavior, perhaps you have unrealistic expectations. Parents who think in shoulds (for example, My kid should be potty-trained by now) might find it helpful to read up on the matter or to talk to other parents or child development specialists.Kids environments have an impact on their behavior, so you may be able to modify that behavior by changing the environment. If you find yourself constantly saying no to your 2-year -old, look for ways to restructure your surroundings so that fewer things are off-limits. This will cause less frustration for both of you.As your child changes, youll gradually have to change your parenting style. Chances are, what works with your child now wont work as well in a year or two.Teens tend to look less to their parents and more to their peers for role models. But continue to provide guidance, encouragement, and appropriate discipline while allowing your teen to earn more independence. And seize every available moment to make a connectionShow That Your Love Is UnconditionalAs a parent, youre responsible for correcting and guiding your kids. But how you express your corrective guidance makes all the difference in how a child receives it.When you have to confront your child, avoid blaming, criticizing, or fault-finding, which undermine self-esteem and can lead to resentment. Instead, strive to nurture and encourage, even when disciplining your kids. Make sure they know that although you want and expect better next time, your love is there no matter what.Know Your Own Needs and Limitations as a ParentFace it you are an imperfect parent. You have strengths and weaknesses as a family leader. Recognize your abilities I am loving and dedicated. Vow to work on your weaknesses I need to be more consistent with discipline. Try to have realistic expectations for yourself, your spouse, and your kids. You dont have to have all the answers be forgiving of yourself.And try to make parenting a submissive job. Focus on the areas that need the most attention rather than trying to address everything all at once. Admit it when youre burned out. Take time out from parenting to do things that will make you happy as a person (or as a couple).Focusing on your needs does not make you selfish. It simply means you care about your own well-being, which is another important value to model for your children.

A Little Cloud typical of Joyces maturity stories Essay Example for Free

A unretentive Cloud typical of Joyces maturity stories EssayRefer to themes, lyric poem and setting.A Little Cloud is the first of the maturity stories in capital of Irelanders, preceded by Counterparts, Clay and A Painful Case. The story is archetypal of Joyces style and embraces every(prenominal) the rouge themes of, class, materialism, escapism and above all the paralysis and struggle of Ireland.The opinion that Ireland is a country lowly in comparison to the rest of Europe is enforced at the beginning of the story when Little Chandler says it was something to declare a friend like Gallaher because he worked for the capital of the United Kingdom press. The emphasis here is on the great city of capital of the United Kingdom and Little Chandler has immeasurable respect for Gallaher as he has escaped the paralysis of Ireland in favour of this thriving city.The environment Chandler lives in is lacklustre and uninspiring, his writing dull the nurses he sees are untidy and the old men dozing on benches are decrepit. When Little Chandler thinks of his situation in Dublin a gentle melancholy takes pigheadedness of him which he feels is useless to struggle against. In A Painful Case a number of adjectives are used to convey the environment, such as disused, dingy and shallow. Joyce has subtly emphasised the burden of being a Dubliner and in particular the feeling of restriction which the constitutions are unwilling to challenge and from which they feel escape would be futile. There are recurring references to the colour br accept (not just in the maturity stories) and Maria in Clay wears a brown raincoat, thus inadvertently resigning herself to the drab and motionless life of Dublin.Joyce contrasts two worlds in the story the domestic, insular and paralysed Dublin with the fast-moving, energetic, cosmopolitan London and Europe. Little Chandler desires to belong to the wider, modern world and begins to pooh-pooh his life with his family in Dublin. By ju xtaposing Little Chandler with the successful, exuberant Gallaher, Joyce sets up an antithesis between the two worlds which they represent.The Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800 abolished Irelands political centre, resulting in Dublin being a city in limbo, without a clear purpose and with a confused identity. This is observable throughout Dubliners, with inhabitants such as Little Chandler and Farrington all feeling trapped by the narrowness of Dublin life. There is a pervasive feeling that to be glamorous, like Ignatius Gallaher, one has to leave Ireland. Little Chandler believes London to be the key to his dreams and that if you wanted to succeed you had to go away. You could do nothing in Dublin.The attitude of Little Chandler to social class is indicated throughout. He encounters children in the slums of nitrogen Dublin as he passes on his way to meet his glamorous friend, Gallaher. The children are described as a horde, grimy and populating the street and depi cted as vermin who crawled and squatted like mice. Little Chandler, like Duffy in A Painful Case feels himself to be superior to the people whom he passed, above the parochial, narrow interests of Dublin.He aspires to be a poet, loved by the more affluent English people. Chandler is shallow and materialistic, obsessed with appearance and class, excited about going to Corlesss because he knew the place of the name and the richly dressed ladies caught his eye. Gallaher says if he ever married, his wife must have a good fat account at the bank other she wont do for me. If he marries he intends to play his cards properly and secure one of the thousand of rich Germans and Jews. He dismisses the sacrament of marriage as just business that could go stale, emphasising the immorality of London.The maturity stories all contain the presence of resentment in the main characters at the inevitable situation they have resigned themselves to living in. Joyce conveys Little Chandlers temper with a number of adjectives such as trembled, burst, convulsively and a paroxysm of sobbing. His cheeks later suffuse with shame which gives way to rupture of remorse at his failure not only to fulfil his dreams but for the resentment he feels towards his family for thwarting his freedom. In Counterparts there is an established mood of anger with a bell rung, a heavy step and Farringtons spasms of rage.Joyce uses the symbol of the little mist over as an image of entrapment, not just hope the little cloud of unhappiness hovering over his marriage to Annie, which restricts him from being the fun-loving bachelor like his idol Gallaher. Joyce incorporates the fantasy and captivation of exoticism and wealth in the dark Oriental eye of the Rich Jewesses. Similar to fantasies of the East Joyce uses alcoholism as a method of escape from the stifling lives of the Dubliners and this is particularly prominent in A Little Cloud. Gallaher states that he drinks his whisky neat and that Little Chandl er, who drinks very little doesnt k now whats good for him. Sobriety is here seen as the reason why Chandlers life is so inartistic and colored in comparison to Gallahers.Ireland is belittled and viewed as an engaging absurdity by the English when Gallaher says theyve got a great feeling for Ireland and the English were ready to eat him because he was Irish. Little Chandler wishes his name was more Irish-looking so as to endear the British with his book he dreams about publishing in London. This is ironic as Little Chandlers wishes to flee the restraints of Ireland yet feels dependant on his heritage. The story is highly symbolic of Irelands historical state how the rest of Europe refuses to treat Ireland with respect symbolising Gallaher continually refusing Little Chandlers invitations to come for supper and to meet his family.Gallahers visit gives rise to an epiphany within Little Chandler, a feature Joyce includes in each of his stories, an anti climax when a character realises his escape to be defective. In the maturity series it is through the characters own personality flaw they render themselves incapable of escaping the life they constantly bemoan. In A Little Cloud Gallahers visit evokes a dull resentment within Little Chandler he was useless, useless A prisoner for life and he feels aggressively the loss of his life is next to Gallahers.Little Chandler believes the only way of escape is if he publishes a book in London, but he cannot complete this because the roar of the child permanently permeates his ear. Little Chandler projects the resentment he feels at his lack of achievement in comparison to Gallaher, onto his wife and he is repelled by her passionless eye and fantasises of the dark Oriental eyes of the Jewesses which Gallaher mentioned earlier in Corlesss.Little Chandler begins to feel a little disillusioned and Gallahers accent did not please him. London, which Gallaher hitherto represents, is now seen as gaudy and vulgar imprinting its elf upon his original old personal charm and his vagrant and triumphant life upsets the equipoise of Chandlers sensitive nature. Little Chandler believes that Gallahers assert friendliness to him is in fact patronisation just as he was patronising Ireland by his visit. He has been too consumed with his own anger and resentment at his own entrapment and the failure of his own dreams, to see through Gallahers version of an exotic, successful life.In A Painful Case Duffy becomes disillusioned with escaping, when Mrs Sinico caught up his hand passionately and too Little Chandler begins to wildly question Could I go to London?, is it too late? But Duffy bids his only distraction from the paralysis of Dublin Mrs Sinico, goodbye and is blatantly scared of commitment. The reunion with a conceited Gallaher reminds Little Chandler of what he hasnt achieved and he feels resentment which he thus inflicts on those around him. A Little Cloud is an evident example of Joyces maturity stories in keeping with the aspect that binds them together, the characters comprehension that all endeavours to escape are fruitless.Little Chandler and Duffy lacked conviction and ignored the opportunity that was once effrontery to them for escape, something they blame everyone but themselves for. The characters Joyce writes of do not appreciate what they have, mourning instead for what they do not. The Dubliners are, like the city, reluctant to change and yet are embittered by the injustice of their paralysed lives.Duffy does not appreciate until the death of Mrs Sinico, that he will never have a chance of marriage, or to love, through which he could have forgotten the sameness of the city he cannot escape. Congruously, Little Chandler dismisses his family throughout A Little Cloud and when his personal epiphany dawns on him he realises his failure to his family, his cheeks suffuse with shame and he cries with snap of remorse as much out of guilt at the egocentric way he has behaved, as for his hopeless venture of escape.

The Aircraft De Icing Engineering Essay

The Aircraft De Icing engineer EssayThis report explains the results of seek into how de-icing operations at Minnesota Saint capital of Minnesota could be repaird. The findings were that this airdrome should utilization a combination of infr ared genus Oestr utilize and antifreeze spraying in launch to de internal-combustion engine aircraft in a fast, safe, cost effective and environmentally friendly way. The de-icing process is called the admit through manner and this report has backed up its investigation through detailed calculations and the habituate of a closing matrix to compare the benefits of the drive through method against using others. Although there are some problems such(prenominal) as its relatively long payback time of 2.5 years, convinced(p) risk the airdrome may have to pay l scumnce fees due to patents on the applied science, the benefits of the drive through method outweigh these drawbacks. One occasion for this is that subsequently the payback p eriod the drome get out make an annual legal transfer of approximately $7,080,000INTRODUCTIONRationale for the researchThe process of removing ice, frost or lead by the nose from the surface of an aircraft is known as aircraft de-icing. This is an essential procedure be suffice if these substances accumulate on an air two-dimensional they lead amplify the drag force that the plane experiences. This will centralize the ability of its wing to produce decent lift force to al first it to take-off or manoeuvre whilst in flight. Also, damage could be pretendd if a large tack together of ice dislodges from the plane and hits sen sit downive components like its engine. This could lead to passengers losing their lives in a crash and others losing their properties. The Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, regulate all major civil breeze operations in America. One of their rules is that aircraft must be free of ice in advance takeoff and during flight.BackgroundThis report uses M inneapolis Saint Paul (MSP) airport, Minnesota, as its native fictitious character direct. This is because aircraft at this airport frequently needs to undergo deciding as a result of the cold climate before, during and after winter in that region. MSP airport spans 3,400 acres, has five runways, five de-icing pads and served more than 32 million travellers in 2009 making it 15th in the United States and30th in the world in terms of number of passengers served annually. (MSP Airport, 2010)De-icing is currently carried out at MSP airport by operators who spray an ethene- dihydric alcohol based aircraft de-icing fluid onto planes. Storm water drains to collect the waste fluid, before it is transported by a truck to a recycling facility to be treated. It needs treatment because its high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) makes it harmful to the environment. seek Aims and ObjectivesThis investigation aims to find a method and chemical to use for de-icing planes which is more environmen tally friendly, cheaper and faster than that which is currently apply in MSP airport.It should be a summation solution engineering science which eliminates/reduces all the problems that the current de-icing method causes without producing detrimental side effects.These aims will be achieved by completing the following objectivesIdentify a reticence de-icing fluid which has the same/better de-icing functionality but costs less and is safer than the one currently used in MSP airport.Find a better way to cycle the waste de-icing fluidEnsure that the mod substitute chemical allow de-icing fluid to be recycledFind another way to remove black eye from aircraft generic wine DESIGN PROCESSOrganisations often use a generic design process as they turn a reaping idea into a make item. Using a systematic, well organised designed process helps to reduce the research and development time that a novel product experiences. The design aggroup for this project used a generic design process and the actions that they took at severally stage are detailed below harvest-tide Planning initial the team used product planning to help make that reliable and valid research was carried out straight away. This started this by withholding a intelligence in which they clarified the aim and objectives of the project. Then they identified their strengths and weaknesses in relation to these objectives to help them choose which duties they were responsible for. Finally they agree upon timescales in which to achieve each objective.Identification of Customer Needs Customers needs guided the teams product innovations that were found. The team held interviews with a representative from each major stakeholder group in the airline industry, such as the airline manager and spray operator, to allow them to voice their needs. This made it easier for the team to set product specifications and design a product that they would approve.Establishment of Product Specifications The customer needs were ranked in order of their importance. The rank of each need was proportional to a weighting, w, which was later used in a decision matrix. This information was used to generate product specifications which were further defined using metrics.Generation of product ideas A brainstorm was held to generate product ideas. This was useful because it encourage the team to build ideas on top of one another. From this they saw exchangeableities between ideas and linked some of them to define a total solution engineering.Selection of product ideas A decision matrix was used to quantitatively compare the importance of each customer need in relation to the product ideas. The product with the highest grievance was selected for testing.Testing The total solution technology was further evaluated in terms of its performance and economic viability. Because it was very beneficial its specifications were was sent to manufactures so that they could build a prototype. count on 1 An illustrat ion of the generic design processFigure 1 illustrates the product design methodology which begins with product planning and ends with testing and manufacture. The continue lines show that if one stage of the design process did not give advantageous results the team would go one or multiple stages back in order to refine their previous intentions. Then they would advance through each stage of the process again until they reached the final testing and manufacturing stage. This procedure of priseing and re-assessing product developments ensured that unretentive designs were eliminated or improved before they reached the testing and manufactures stage.NEEDSVarious customers have an interest in aircraft de-icing operations these individuals are referred to as stakeholders. The success of this venture will depend on how well it meets the needs of these individuals. Hence, the team evaluated each stakeholders need using an interview and ranked it harmonise to its importance.Information GatheringThe stakeholders were identified on the basis on who will pay for, sell, use and operate the de-icing technology, these included airline pilots and passengers etc. They were interviewed and their responses are summarised below.Spray operatorQ1 How do you deice a plane?A container on a truck is filled with de-icing fluid which is mixed with water to a 50% concentration by volume. I sit in an enclosed cabin and genus Oestrus the fluid onboard the truck to 70oC before I spray it onto the plane until all the ice un eludes.Airport managerQ2 How classical is the BOD of a de-icing fluid?Very important, we pay the treatment works about $0.35 per US gallon and the price goes up if the BOD increases. Our airport is fined if the BOD5 execute to the environment exceeds 900 tonnes per year.Q3 How long would you expect to wait for a pitch on your investment?1.5-2 yearsQ4 How much does ethylene glycol cost?The average is $5-7 per gallon.Q5 What precautions were taken since your las t incident?We thought of retraining staff, but now operations are run by an outsourced business.De-icing pads and a drainage system were installed.Aircraft managerQ6 What do you think of compound a heating system onto aircraft?Not exaltation for commercial planes because its expensiveAir traffic controllerQ7 How severe is the disruption caused by aircraft de-icing?During the peak of the winter season there are regular delays. Aircraft must be de-iced again if they exceed a holdover time of 5 minutes.rank of needs and sanity checkThe team identified the most important stakeholder needs and ranked them as listed below.Each need was given a weighting, w, according to its rank as part of a sanity check.Table 1 The rank of each stakeholder need and its weightingNeedWeight-ing, wReasons1) Safety4Safety was the top concern of every stakeholder.Aircraft at MSP airport arouse only carry passengers if they obey safety regulations set by the FAA.2) Lifetime constitute3Some stakeholders dis agreed on financial issues regarding how much cash should be spent on certain items. e.g most spray operators would like luxury de-icing cabins whereas airport managers would kinda invest the money. However, all stakeholders agreed that no de-icer with a high lifetime cost would be acceptable.3) Speed2Slow de-icing can cause profit losses due to delayed flights.4)Environmental impact1Although the airport will be fined for causing excessive pollution these costs are median(prenominal)ly absorbed by customers.ESTABLISHMENT OF PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONSMost of the needs highlighted by stakeholders were expressed in a qualitative manner. They needed to be reborn into specifications in order to avoid trivial yet expensive improvements being made to MSP airport. To do this the worst case de-icing conditions that could potentially take place at MSP airport were defined and as part of sanity check. Next metrics were used establish specifications for product and process design methods that co uld cope with the worst case de-icing scenarios at the airport.Specification 1 Annual length of operationThe dates in which the planes will need to be de-iced ranges from November to early April because on these dates the temperature in Minneapolis Saint Paul is below freezing.Therefore, any new de-icing method must be able to operate through this period of 5 months and 1 week (157 solar days) every year. (Figure 2)Figure 2- The average lowest temperature in MSP every year from 1971-2000Specifications 2 The case study aircraft and its ice come up toageThe mass of ice on a plane was cipher using a worst case scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial passenger planes the Boeing-747 (BBC, 2007) needed to be de-iced.It was assumed that the top arena of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick layer of ice.Wing celestial orbit (Boeing-747) = 541.2 m2 (Airliners, 2010) applesauce Thickness = 0.01mIce Coverage 100% Volume of ice on wings, Volice = 5.412 m3 (App. 1, Eqn 1)Density of ice, ice = 917kg/m3 (Kotz, 2009) Mass of ice, = 4962.8 kg (App. 1, Eqn 2)Specifications 3- Heating DutyLatent heat of fusion of ice= 333 kJ/Kg (Bird, 2003) Minimum heating duty = 1652.6 MJ (App 1, Eqn 3)Specifications 4 The substitute de-icing fluidThe atmospheric temperature in MSP airport during the de-icing season is 20oF (-29oC) therefore the substitute ADF freezing point must be less than 20oC in order to maintain its functionality. Additionally it must provide a freezing point effect of more than 20oC as a result of this ambient temperature. All the stakeholders agreed that product safety is of upmost importance, so the substitute ADF should be less toxic than ethylene-glycol. Additionally they agree that the annual raw material costs of the new dicing method should be less than that of the current method. Two ways to do this are to use less dicing fluid per plane in the first cause this should be less than the 408 gallons per aircraft needful by the current de-icing method (App. 1, Eqn. 9), or to recycle the de-icing fluid.GENERATION AND SCREENING OF IDEASThe team worked individually and brainstormed together to help exploit the number of good ideas that were generated. Whilst doing so they reflected upon the product specifications to and stakeholder needs to help screen ideas.De-icing IdeasDe-icing boots Rubber boots are attached to the front edges of wings on the plane. The aircraft inflates these boots with air to cause ice that remove ice that has accumulated on them. An unacceptable risk of using this method in MSP is that the system must be activated as soon as a before an large ice layer can form and hit other parts of the plane when it dislodges.Bleed air- In this method hot air from the aircraft engines is blasted on to the ice to melt it. Although this could melt ice very quickly the airport manager at MSP airports commented that integrating heating systems on to aircraft is not ideal for commercial planes because its expen sive.Mechanical Scraping/BlowingEmployees use brushes, or cloths to physically push ice off the aircraft. This method would be very easy to put into practice at MSP because the equipment the required is very cheap. But it is more likely that damage will be done to airplanes as the employees scrape ice so the resulting aircraft maintenance cost is could be very high.A propene glycol based de-icing fluid Propylene glycol is a popular de-icing fluid and is regarded as non-toxic, hence it was chosen for further investigation.Decision MatrixThe interviews that were conducted with the stakeholders highlighted that some customer needs are more important than others. Although the importance of some specific needs differed in each stakeholder group four needs were consistently rated as essential.These criteria were analysed in a decision matrix with calculation marks taken from Table 1Table 2- Decision Matrix which focuses on the alternative deinking methodsALTERNATIVESEthylene Glycol(Benc hmark)Propylene Glycol invisible + Propylene-glycolCriteria weight downwRatingScoreRatingScoreRatingScoreSafety5210420735Lifetime Cost4520520624Speed3515416618Environmental impact212510614Total14134718662591According to this decision matrix the best de-icing solution should be based on a combination of infrared and propylene glycol de-icers is the best as this alternative has the highest sore. The second best method would be to use an ADF which is based on propylene glycol rather than ethylene glycol.SELECTION OF IDEASA comparison of ethylene-glycol and propylene glycol based de-icing fluidsThe most freezing point depressants in aircraft de-icing fluids in the US are ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG). Because PG and EG have a similar lifetime cost, in this chapter the chemicals will be compared at a 50% concentration by volume in terms of their safety, de-icing speed and environmental impact because these are three of the most important needs the stakeholders.SafetyEth ylene glycol has a relatively high toxicity when compared to Propylene-Glycol. It has been classed by the US congress as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP), if 2268 kg or more escapes into the environment at bottom 24 hours users are obligated to report the event under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCL). However propylene glycol is not classified as a HAP, and users are not required to inform CERCL if it is released.Both chemicals are said to be non-lethal if humans if they are voiceless in with air or adsorbed through skin. However, unlike PG, EG is toxic to humans and mammals if it is ingested directly. Even though PG it is regarded as non-toxic it is still a health hazard because it uses group O as it biodegrades which could cause some organisms to suffocate.De-icing SpeedThe freezing point of Propylene-glycol is -34oC which is slightly higher than ethylene-glycol which freezes at -37oC. This is one of the reasons why MSP airport still uses EG. Another is that a lower volume of antifreeze is required for EG to achieve the same freezing point depression as PG.MSP airport suffers severe weather extremes so it needs to use an ADF which is reliable, especially in extremely cold weather as this is generally when it takes longer to deice aircraftPropylene-glycols boiling point is 106oC whereas ethylene glycol has a boiling point of 102.2oC for ethylene glycol. In this case Propylene-glycol is the better choice because it can transplant heat to ice at a higher temperature than ethylene glycol. tidingsThere are some drawbacks with regard to using ethylene glycol as a de-icing fluid, especially concerning its environmental impact. But, overall EG and PG have a similar de-icing performance level.The Rate of Melting due to Heat Conduction AloneThe ADF is heated to 70oC before it is sprayed onto the plane, this heat simply will cause the ice to melt through heat conduction.The rate of this heating was calculated using equ ation 1a,1a)Where Q= is the heat flow rate in the X-direction in kJ/s, A is the area normal to the direction of heat flow in m2, dT/dx is the temperature gradient and K is the thermal conductivity of iceThe thermal conductivity of ice at -20oC is 2.39 W/mK, the area normal to the direction of heat flow is equal to the wing area of the Boeing 747 =541.2m2, the temperature change that occurs is (70oC- -20oc)=90oC and the thickness of the ice x is 0.01m.Hence the rate of heat transfer by the temperature of the de-icing fluid alone is2a)The sensible heat is kJ (App. 1, Eqn 12)The latent heat of fusion is 1652612.4 kJ, (App.1, Eqn 3)Summing the above gives the amount of het required to melt the ice on a Boeing 747 from a starting temperature of -20oC which isHence minimum time that it would take to melt the ice on the plane by heat conduction alone isThis is a very fast time, especially as according to the project brief, de-icing at MSP airport normally takes 10 minutes per plane. One re ason reason for this difference is due to the fact that the ADF fluid is not always in full contact with ice, only its bottom surface is. Additionally these calculations assume that heat transfer occurs over the whole of each wing evenly, which is not the case in real life because de-icing fluid is sprayed onto the wing in different locations systematically. A final cause of this difference could be due to the fact that snow has a lower heat conductivity, k, than ice and so any snow on a plane would lower the rate of heat transfer from the ADF.TOTAL SOLUTION TECHNOLOGYDrive-Through De-icingFigure 3 An illustration of the drive through de-icing technologyThe final design concept was to conduct de-icing operations as a drive through system.First the aircraft enters the Infrared hangar where and warm air blows snow of its wings whilst they are heated by infrared radiation for a typical duration of 5-10 minutes. Ice on the plane melts onto an inclined slope and the effluent is channell ed into the waste collection zone.Water is channelled through existing storm water pipes into infrastructure to the located under the floor of the spraying and waste collection area. The sewer water is pumped out and transferred by a truck into the airports detention ponds.When the wastewater has been removed compression plugs are removed and the plane moves into the spraying area. Here it is sprayed with propylene glycol for up to 5 minutes to help prevent any ice forming on it before takeoff.The propylene glycol drains into a separate area of the collection chamber and is pumped to a detention pond until it is due to be recycled. Finally the compression plus are reinstalled so the system is industrious to deice another plane.Recycling SolutionMinneapolis currently uses three Glycol Recovery Vehicles to collect wastewater. Using the IR facility eliminates the need to deice aircraft using glycol by around 90%, so no more of these vehicles will need to be bought if the new technolo gy is adopted. Also the airport has salvage capital costs by using their existing storm water drains to collect both glycol and storm water. These storm drains can and should continue to be used if MSP airport adopts the Drive-Through De-icing system to save cash and time during the installation of the new system. According to (Big book) Careful management of the retention systems enables the airport to collect abounding wastewater with high glycol concentrations to make glycol recycling/recovery economically viable. The majority of glycol which is recycled is sold to manufacturers who use it in other glycol-based products. abbreviation OF ECONOMIC VIABLITYRate of return on investment (ROI)3a)Payback Time3b)=2.5 yearsUnfortunately the payback time on the drive through de-icing method is not fast enough to satisfy the Airport Managers at MSP who expect a payback time of 1.5-2 years. A higher rate of return on investment would reduce the payback time so it would be wise to look into additional ways to reduce the cost of de-icing using this technology, and ways to improve its efficiency.Patent issuesBecause this total solution technology uses de-icing methods which have been used in industry previously, but it combines them in a unique way it is difficult to assess whether or not it can be patented. Moreover, it is expected that it would take a long time to patent the product even if it were possible because of its complexity and use of old de-icing ideas. The author has recommended that MSP airport consults a lawyer regarding these matters if they do not need to use the de-icing solution immediately. If MSP airport do need to use the technology immediately they might have to pay license fees to one or more patent owners.CONCLUSIONThe findings from this investigation have shown that the solution technology that MSP airport should use to improve its aircraft de-icing solution involves using infrared heating and a propylene glycol as a substitute chemical for eth ylene-glycol. The process is called the drive through method and the major advantages of this hybrid solution are that it meets the needs of its stakeholders by being safe, having a low lifetime cost, fast aircraft de-icing rate and low environmental impact. Evidence of this has been provided through a decision matrix and several mathematical evaluations.Unfortunately this solution has a payback time of 2.5 years, so research should be carried out to reveal how to make the annual rate of return on the investment higher. Finally, this hybrid system uses patented technology so MSP airport might have to pay licence fees for a number of years if it used the drive through method. However, after the payback period the annual saving of $70,844,300 per year outweighs any of these drawbacks.Further RecommendationsFind ways to cut the operating cost of the Drive-Through De-icing system as this will lift the annual rate of return that this technology provides. If the rate of return is high eno ugh the payback time will drop below 2 years and the airport managers in MSP will have this need fulfilled.Use hot air to blow snow off the aircraft in the IR hangar. This will help to melt the snow and ice too, however the cost of warmin+3.0g air may offset the benefit of a faster de-icing time. Nb, as shown by the weightings, w, in Table 1, the lifetime cost of the technology is more important that the de-icing speed that it provides.REFERENCESBooks and JournalsBird J.O., 2003, Science for engineering, pp. 205, Newnes, 2003, UKKetler P., Mosher M., Scott A., 2008, Chemistry The Practical Science, media enhanced edition, Cengage Learning, pp. 478, UKKotz J.C., Paul T., Townsend R.J., 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Cengage Learning, pp. 15, USATsokos K.A., 2010, Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma, pp. 172, Cambridge University Press, UKSinnot R.K., 2005, Coulson and Richardsons Chemical Engineering Series Chemical Engineering Design, pp. 439, Butterworth-Heinmann, UKOnli ne ResourcesMSP Airport, 2010, About Us, http//www.mspairport.com/about-msp.aspx, 24/10/2010RSS Weather, 2003, Minneapolis-St. Paul, http//www.rssweather.com/climate/Minnesota/Minneapolis-St.Paul, 23/10/10Airliners.Net, 2010, The Boeing 747-400, http//www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=100, 20/10/2010BBC, 25/10/2007, A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney, http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm, 19/10/2010Energy Information Administration, October 2010, Electric Power Monthly, http//www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm.pdf, 15/10/2010Wings Magazine, 2007, Infrared De-icing Giving glycol a run for its money, http//www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/1325/38/, 23/10/10APPENDICIESAppendix 1Specifications 2 -The case study aircraft and its ice coverageThe mass of ice on a plane was calculated using a worst case scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial passenger planes the Boeing-747 (BBC, 2007) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top are a of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick layer of ice.Wing area (Boeing-747) = 541.2 m2Ice Thickness = 0.01mIce Coverage 100% of wing area(1)Density of ice, ice = 917kg/m3 (Kotz, 2009)(2)Specifications 3 -Heating DutyThe ice on the aircraft needed to be provided with enough energy to overcome its 333kJ/Kglatent heat of fusion, L, to melt.The amount of heat energy, Q, required to achieve this was calculated using Equation 3(3)(Bird, 2003)Specifications 4 The substitute de-icing fluidIn this section the volume of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol needed to deice a exclusive Boeing-747 will be calculated and compared. The metrics are based upon a 50% by volume solution of each chemical.Volume of Ethylene Glycol RequiredThe freezing point depression of an ideal solution is given by the formula(5)Where Tf represents the freezing point depression, m, is the solute concentration andKf represents the freezing point depression constant of water which is 1.86Kkg/ groyne (Kilter P., Mosher M. and Scott A. Andrew scott, 2008)The desired freezing point depression, Tf is 20oC because winter temperatures in MSP fall to that temperature, according to the project brief.(6)The number of moles of glycol required to achieve the freezing point depression(7)The chemical formula of ethylene-glycol is CH2OHCH2OHMr Carbon = 12, Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1Mr ethylene glycol = 2*16+2*12 + 1*6= 62 g/molHence the mass of ethylene-glycol required per plane is(8)The density of UCAR ADF at 20oC is 8.9 lb/gal (US) (1.07 kg/L) (SAE AMS 1424 Ethylene Glycol-Based Type I Fluids varlet 8)Hence the volume of ethylene-glycol required is at least 408 US gallons(9)Because the de-icing fluid used in MSP airport is 50% ethylene-glycol and about 50% water, de-icing a single plane would need double the amount of ADF which works out at 6,184 litres.The cost of ethylene glycol per aircraftIn general the chemical components in de-icing fluids, such as water, have a total cost which is substantially les s than that of ethylene-glycol. Hence the cost of these components in de-icing fluid solutions as deemed insignificant and ignored.According to the airport manager that was interviewed the minimum cost of a gallon of ethylene glycol is $5 per US gallon(10)In MSP airport there is an average of 293 takeoffs per day from 5 de-icing pads (MSP Airport, 2010)Assuming that during the de-icing season in MSP lasts 157 days and every plane needs to be de-iced the annual cost of ADF is approximately(11)Sensible heat requiredAccording to the project brief winter temperatures in Minneapolis Saint Paul fall to-20oC. Ice must be brought to its melting point of 0oC before it can undergo a phase change from solid to liquid.Where Cp is the specific heat capacity of ice at -20oC which is 2 kJ/kg/K, (Tsokos KA, 2010), m is the mass of ice and T is the temperature difference(12)According to Wingsmagazine (2010) Ian Sharkey, the director of de-icing services, with Radiant Aviation Services stated that du ring an ice storm on March 15-16, 2007 his team had an average aircraft block time (aircraft brakes on to brakes off) of less than 43 minutes for large aircraft hence it was assumed that the Boeing 747 could be de-iced in this timeframe as well. This information was used to estimate the power that the IR deice would need to bring the ice on an aircraft from -15oC to 0oC in 43 minutes,(13)Latent heat requiredNext was calculated which is the power needed to melt the ice on the aircraft at 0oC in 47 minutes.(14)Hence the total power needed to melt ice on the aircraft in 43 minutes by using infrared deink technology, QIR is(15)To make the value of QIR more realistic some assumptions concerning the amount of energy loss, between the heat source and the wing were added. From this the extra power that the optical maser will need to give out in order to overcome the inferred energy lost as between the source and its destination (transport efficiency) and the energy lost due to reflection b y the ice on the surface of the wing (absorption efficiency) was calculated.Laser device efficiency, laser=0.33, Transport efficiency, transport = 0.75 Absorption efficiency, absorbtion =0.75The laser device, transport and absorption efficiencies reduce the amount of energy that heats the ice. This is called the efficiency loss, 1-i, and it was calculated as follows,(16)Hence,(17)Similarly,(18)Hence, the percentage extra energy, ,required to cover for these energy losses is(19)In real terms

The Rise Of A Mercantilist Economic System History Essay

The Rise Of A Mercantilist frugal System History EssayThe rise of a mercantilist economic body in atomic number 63 forged a unified relationship between g everyplacenment and its people by superseding feudalism and developing a merchant caste that bridged the gap between the peasant and ruling classes. Britain, France and Spain, in particular, reaped the rewards of mercantile system by forming a berthful array of nation states. Although mercantilism stands in stark occupation with the principles of a free-market economy, it was nonetheless the driving force behind European imperialism from the 15th by dint of the 18th centuries. The emergence of a merchant class developed a link between determination and wealth. Mercantilism in Europe helped to centralize power, replacing the feudal arrangement of yesteryear. As critics like Adam metalworker would visor out, mercantilism was not without its drawbacks. The only two countries that corralled enough wealth to be considered heg emonic, the United States and Britain, did so in the nineteenth century, well after the fall of mercantilism. Smith opined that economies should be self-regulating, and that mercantilism, through its rigid establishmental constraints, prevented economies from truly flourishing. Despite an abundance of critics, the mercantilist economic system undoubtedly had a tremendous impact on Europe and the rest of the globe. Mercantilism was the foundation from which capitalism was born.European mercantilism first emerged in the latter part of the Renaissance in about 1595 and didnt fade past until the late 1800s. Queen Elizabeth I, desperate to quell the powerful Spanish Empire, severalizeed her Admiralty to reform foreign trade. Her reforms proved highly effective as England would go on to become the most powerful imperial empire in world history. England exploited the mercantilist economic system of importing precious metals and raw materials in permute for manufactured goods. The fren ch would later mimic Englands economic system. Mercantilist countries used the rule of law to attain a controlling balance of trade through their colonies. virile tariffs were obligate on imports and colonies were restrained in their ability to manufacture goods. Instead they were forced to purchase products from their mother countries. For example, gold and silver were extracted from the colonies and shipped to European merchants, greatly enriching Europe. The power of the state depended on the amount of gold and silver in its coffers, because this international currency made it possible to build ships and pay for armies. (A Concise History of Economic Thought,Vaggi Groenwerth, 2003). Beginning in the 16th century, control over land, and trade routes became the most important part of compendium wealth for the most powerful countries.The growth of the mercantile system of Europe was largely spurred by the general discontent people had with the Roman Catholic Church. Mercantili sm was, to a large extent, spawned by the Reformation. The lifestyle regulations imposed on Catholics allowed for very little self-actualization a source of great embitterment for the masses who were fed up with the feudal system. Mercantilism brought upon the rise of the merchant class, a channel of wealth that brought with it a sense of hope for much of Europe. The spread of alternatives to hard-line Catholicism like the Anglican Church coincided with the growth of mercantilism.In the 1600s England began to notice the Spanish becoming a rising power, due inlarge part to their influence in colonial America. England knew that whoever maintainedthe strongest blend of colonial influence and soldiers strength would control the all-important trade routes and foreign territories. England, in an effort to squelch risingcountries, began to streng thus their control over colonies, demanding that all trade gothrough them. The growing sense of competition between world-powers fueled the spr eadof mercantilism. The major players in this face-off were England, France, Holland andSpain. England reigned supreme as the victorious imperial power thank to dominantmilitary wins over Portugal and Spain in the sixteenth century, then Holland in theseventeenth and France in the eighteenth century.One of the major objectives of mercantilist countries was to create a bondbetween the powerful aristocracies and the rising merchant classes. The purpose of thisalliance was to damage the economies of competing nations. Mercantilist theorysuggested that government should enact a wealth-collecting agenda by defend againstforeign imports. Prior to the rise of mercantilism, the military was only formed duringspecific times of conflict. During the era of mercantilism, however, armies and naviesbecame full-time enterprises as conflict had become a focal point of life. Gold and silver werethe means by which goods and services could be obtained, and funding a strong militarywas an essential p art of the equation. The merchants were willing to finance theirgovernments in exchange for protection against foreign competition. Large centralgovernment and mercantilism go hand-in hand the merchants needed the government andvice-versa. Mercantilist theorists believe that the net total of planetary wealth was alreadyestablished, and that countries vied for a greater stake in the pie by exchangingmanufactured goods for precious metals. The concept of, buy low, sell high wasparamount towards collecting national wealth. The acquisition of non-coined gold andsilver, or bullion, was considered the benchmark for economic growth. The growingwealth of European countries, namely England, France and Spain, had a trickle-downeffect on their economies. Merchants would become wealthier through mercantilism, and,to a lesser extent, the lives of the labor forces improved thanks to better job security.The transfer of bullion funneled from the colonies of the Americas proved to be a major boon f or European mercantilism. Mercantilist writers believed all trade to be a zero sum blue, for every transaction there is a winner and a loser, mercantilists sought to handicap the game in tell apart to promote economic success nation-wide. Mercantilism was a Machiavellian, Puritanically dark world view that promoted a general feeling of thick nationalism and ill-will toward competing countries and the colonies they governed. Governments would go as far as to damage entire monetary systems and limit civilian wages in order to reduce imports, and pine other countries economies. When mercantilist countries did import goods, it was preferred that they deal in raw materials that could be processed and sent abroad in order to acquire more capital. import low cost, raw materials to be completed and converted into higher cost, manufactured goods and bartered for precious metals was a lucrative process for merchants. Extractive industries, like agriculture, gave way to manufacturing or t ouch on material businesses. Precious metals had the strongest purchasing power for commanding goods and services. During the sixteenth century, the flows of precious metals from the American Colonies of Spain produced high inflation in Europe, but for the mercantilists gold and silver were the core and the definition of both private and national wealth.(Vaggi Groenwegen, A Concise History of Economic Thought, 2003) As competition in the New World intensified, England began to tighten the screws on her colonies. Mercantilists were acutely aware of the linkage between politics and economics they believed that power and wealth were closely related, and that both were legitimate goals of national polity. (Theodore Cohn, Global Political Economy, 2005) Although some(prenominal) countries became rich because of the wealth transferred from the New World, not every country capitalized as much as it could have.Between 1647 and 1715, the French attempted to mimic the British, but thanks toextreme inefficiency, they fell short. Jean Babtiste Colbert was one of the most well-known proponents of mercantilism. Colbert served as finance minister of France, underKing Louis XIV in the seventeenth century. The French used the British mercantilisteconomic system of as a model for their political economy. Colbert inherited a perilousFrench economy on the coast of bankruptcy and enabled King Louis to embark on aseries of aggressive military campaigns. The term colbertisme was coined by Colbert todescribe the method of protecting infant industries. During his 18 years as minister offinance, Colbert issued a total of 150 edicts designed to regulate the guild industry.Colberts successful use of mercantilism was essential in support the reign of LouisXIV. The Sun Kings reign featured a powerful military force, but the French economy,particularly its agriculture, was over-taxed and stagnant.Thomas Mun was one of the leading mercantilist authors during this time. Hismost powerfu l works were a pair of pamphlets A Discourse of Trade and, later,Englands Treasure by Foreign Trade. Mun was the director of the East India Company,a monopolistic British have founded in 1600 that supplied a wide array of goods,ranging from cotton to opium. According to Mun, monetary movements and theexchange rate depend on the condition of the trade balance the inflows of preciousmetals reflect the existence of a positive balance of trade and vice versa. (Vaggi Groenwegen, A Concise History of Economic Thought, 2003) Government-imposedmonopolies were inherently corrupted the use of raw market dealings were aninevitable byproduct of price ceilings and quotas.As noted above, colonial powers competed vehemently for control over the North American territories they ruled over. Englands avarice would cause tensions to boil over, eventually spurring the American Revolution. The initial Navigation Act of 1651, a bill enacted by the Oliver Cromwell-led Parliament, was designed to gain co ntrol over foreign exchanges between the English colonies and other countries. Under the bill, all trade flowing in and out of England or her colonies had to be shipped using British ships. The Dutch, who had been well-heeled thanks to their free-trade market, were crushed and sent to economic ruin thanks to Cromwells protectionist policies. Not only did the Navigations Acts seize control of transnational commerce, it also disabled competing countries from profiting from freight and tape transport services. The mercantilists discovered that it was the whole current account balance that mattered, not scarcely the exchange of commodities. (Vaggi Groenwegen, A Concise History of Economic Thought, 2003) British colonial mercantilism was oppressive by nature American colonies were banned from the global economy and were treated as little more than pawns.The prosperity of mercantilist economies was contingent on the back up of a strongcentralized government that regulated foreign and domestic trade. Mercantilist economiesbecame immensely wealthy by coercing a positive trade surplus. It was thought that acountry could be strengthened by regulating commercialism by discouraging imports,and maintaining a positive flow of exports. Governments began placing tariffs, quotasand even prohibitions on imports in order to protect domestic business. New businesseswould be encouraged with generous tax breaks. As for the trade part of the balance ofpayments, the government must favour the sale of raw materials abroad because they willbe purchased with precious metals, hence adding to the stock of national wealth (Vaggi Groenwegen, A Concise History of Economic Thought, 2003) Improved tools andtechnologically advanced products were not allowed to be exported to foreign markets inorder to maintain superiority over competing states. The same was true of talentedworkers, who were prohibited from emigrating to other countries, just as foreigndiplomats hypocritically recruited ot her businessmen to come to their home countries.One of the sharpest critics of European mercantilism was economic expert CharlesDavenant, who believed England would become more prosperous if governmentdiscontinued their policy of intervening in foreign trade. In 1690, Davenant published AnEssay on the East-India Trade, which outlined his belied that a liberal foreign tradepolicy would increase Englands exports thanks to a larger market. According toDavenant, this increase in the stock of money leads to lower interest rates and to higherprices of land. The increase in the value of landed estates brings about a rise of rent andof tax revenue. As a result of a freer trade every section of the creation is better off, butthe starting point of the whole story is still the successful export trade of England.(Vaggi Groenwegen, A Concise History of Economic Thought, 2003) Davenantstheories, subversive for the time, caused vast condemnation in Europe, who believedthe risks of an expanded m arket outweighed the rewards. Ultimately, no alternate systemcapable of challenging the nationalistic balance of trade theories of mercantilismemerged, and mercantilism continued.Mercantilism began to fade in the 18th century, ending not with a bang, but witha whimper. Adam Smith, a Scottish Oxford graduate, was a revolutionary economist inthe mid to late 1700s who was responsible for coining the term mercantilism. One ofSmiths major points of contention with mercantilism, as was outlined in The Theory ofMoral Sentiments, was his distaste for morganatic governmental control of theeconomy. Smith, who despised mercantilism invented the metaphor, invisible handwhich stood for a natural, self-regulation that functioned because of the essential tenets ofa free-market economy self-interest, competition, economic characteristics he believedwere possible without governmental intervention. In 1776, Smith wrote in Wealth ofNations It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that weexpect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self interest. We address ourselves,not to their kind-heartedness but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessitiesbut of their advantages. His writings were the basis of laissez-faire capitalism, inwhich industry is free from the shackles of government. Smith believed in the naturalorder of the economy, whereby, rather than have the government fix prices and regulatetrade, the economy should be a self-sufficient machine that dictates the price ofcommodities. When the price of any commodity is incomplete more nor less than what issufficient to pay the rent of the land, the wages of the labour, and the profits of the stockemployed in raising, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rate,the commodity is then sold for what may be called its natural price. (Adam Smith,Wealth of Nations, 1776) The brilliance of Smith was not in his ability to producerevolutionary econom ic theories of his own his magnificence was embodied in his ability toassemble existing concepts into a system.The fundamental problem with mercantilism is its refusal to account for the valueof all economic activity. Maintaining a positive balance of trade is not the only indicatorof economic health. To the contrary, as has been proven in the United States meteoricgrowth despite a banish balance of trade since the 1970s, a positive balance of trademeans very little, and often leads to inflation. Mercantilism, though largely debasedtoday, played an essential role in the rise of the middle class. Without the spread ofmercantilism in Europe, its impossible to project how the world might look today. Itspossible that, without mercantilism, we would still be sustenance in a feudal, caste-like systemcomprised of only governmental elitists and a the peasant class, with very little inbetween. Mercantilism gave rise to the middle class, the largest group in the West.Open Side Bet Tracking Kevin Fox-NFL Week 13 Game ($20, W),Vikings+3.5 over Sains W $15 Colts-7 over Ravens ($10, W) paying(a)?NBA Blazers+4.5 over Magic ($10, W) Paid?MISC James+Stephen 3-Point Shootout, over Elliot+Kevin ($5, W) Paid?Total (+ $60) Paid?Joey Leoni-NFL Men of Menlo Fantasy football game Money ($100, W) Paid?Total (+100) Paid?Dominic DiriccoNFL Men of Menlo Fantasy Football Money ($50, W) Paid?Total (+$50) Paid?Kevin Meehan-NFL The Sunday Special Fantasy Football Money ($100, L)Total (-100) Paid?Isaac Baron-MISC (In Progress) Most Makes of 53s, Isaac must Win at least 8/10, I=3Wins, J=1 Win ($100, T)Total ($100 Pending) Paid?SID 112 15 810

Education Essays Bilingualism United States

accomplishment Essays Bilingualism United StatesBilingualism United StatesThe United States Children Growing Up MonolingualUnderstanding, Identifying, and Examining Bilingualism in the United States An Interdisciplinary Approach wherefore do so many children in the United States grow up monolingual? The United States is regarded as a melting pot, in which quite a little of different cultures, races, and religions argon joined together so as to widen a multi-ethnic society. Americans provoke had various beliefs about whether or non side of meat should be the official dustup in this country. There have been respective(a) decisions in side Only acts throughout the United States history.These slope Only acts manifest some of the reasons wherefore so many of the United States children grow up monolingual. Its no wonder that immigrants to this country be swayed to lose their vex patois or even their entire customs and traditions. It is difficult to understand the close tie s that address has with certain separate ethnicities (Gerstle, 2001).Language is ane of the major ingredients of individuals identities and ethnicities. The United States should calculate a proposal that would overwhelm a more enhanced plan for the welfare of certain groups, so that they could fully contri simplye in our society and progress a more bilingual or bilingual society that would invent Americans for a more expanding global society.The United States should consider itself- splendour to be at an receipts when it comes to bilingualism. There is a flood of immigrants coming into this nation every year and every immigrant brings with them a unique idiom. Throughout American history, the typical pattern of run-in usage among immigrants has been a rapid shift from non-English monolingualism to bilingualism to English monolingualism in the third generation (Fishman, 1980).Americans have more of an advantage, because of their high percentage of immigrants, to encourage bilingualism to its citizens. The United States could profit from the advantage because bilingualism could better prepare the U.S. citizens for an ever-expanding global society (Sheriff, 2007).Major Reasons for Bilingualism in the U.S.One significant element to bilingualism in the United States begins with providing better welfare of detail groups of heap who cannot, because of quarrel barriers, contribute fully in our social organization. Another reason for bilingualism in the U.S. is the interest of professional second delivery groups, who find it inborn to continue their support for nomenclature study development (Roeming,1971).In addition to the significant elements to increase bilingualism, native speakers might find it meaningful to continue their mother diction, traditions, and cultures. One important reason for this is that on that point have been findings that concluded a foreign language facilitates mastering the higher forms of the native language (Lambert Tuck er, 2007). Bilingualism could better prepare the U.S. citizens for an ever-expanding global society (Sheriff, 2007).American citizens need to examine outside their borders and learn from the mistakes and successes of other countries, furthermore countries that are thriving with developed citizens with bilingual or multilingual proficiency (Pufahi, 2001). It is essential that the United States citizens become a society with multi heathen character and reflect as the melting pot nation, so which as they are regarded (Safty, 1988).Why an Interdisciplinary ApproachThere are many factors that contribute to bilingualism in America. It is important that it be examined for the reasons listed above. The information must be explored from multiple viewpoints, in order to successfully develop a system of improvement. By applying an interdisciplinary approach to the bring down, the viewpoints from specific mark offs can be investigated and integrated to provide successful modifications. while domains can blind or sway, they become, when used relevantly, our keenest lenses on the world. The disciplines are the most useful means for illuminating those generative issues that have perennially engaged the speciality of thoughtful human beings (Gardner and Boix-Mansilla, 1994). The interdisciplinary process involves integrating disciplinary insights into a particular problem and it does not attempt to integrate disciplinary perspectives. However, before one can identify insights, one must starting signal identify the disciplines relevant to the problem (Repko, 2005).Bilingualism influences many divisions of this nation. It is difficult to apply only one study of discipline to this multifaceted crisis. The issue needs to be analyzed in more areas of disciplines, so that all factors are considered. This complete examination of bilingualism in the United States could financial aid render all major concerns that affect Americans and their legal citizens.Significant Disciplines There are several disciplines that could contribute to the concerns of bilingualism in America. The disciplines that are considered to be the most detailed are reading, Sociology, and Modern Languages. The goal of this probe is to consider the most important welfare of the United States citizens concerning bilingualism.There are several other disciplines that contain factors involving bilingualism, but these disciplines may only briefly be illustrated in this paper. The disciplines that may be briefly studied are Economics, History, Linguistics, Political Science and Psychology. The investigation concentrates mainly on the most critical disciplines. teaching, Sociology, and Modern Languages are the disciplines that testament be fully investigated for the purpose of the problem at hand.Discipline 1 educationThe discipline of Education contains methods that can assist in teaching a system. Teaching techniques can have effective implications to address specific issues. It is impo rtant to understand well enough specific structures in order to effectively distinguish them. The purpose of teaching techniques is to have a sound knowledge base, so that students can build as they are exposed to different life experiences.If a student is well educated, then they are able to interpret good judgment, experience and wisdom (Britannica, 2006). These are the reasons why it is essential that students at an early age be instructed in the issues of foreign languages. Students are able to acquire two languages simultaneously virtually with the very(prenominal) ease he learns his first one because he is doing so at a stage of mental development which proceeds parallel to the mechanisms of language acquisition.The influence of Education has been proven to be an effective way to march on a Bilingual society ( Safty, 1988). The discipline of Education would allow students to further understand and comprehend the structures of bilingualism and promote the importance of the issue in Americas society.Discipline 2 SociologyThe discipline of Sociology contains methods of how and why people are incorporated in society. Societies are structured as individuals or as part of associations, groups and institutions. Societies are examined to reveal how and why people are structured in specific ways (Britannica, 2006). It is essential to include this disciplines insights to the issue of bilingualism in the U.S. It should be researched why certain societies do not fully contribute in our society, because of language barriers.Also, it should be examined why certain members continue to contribute to the support of language study. Professional linguists observed evidence of behavioral function in two languages with enthusiasm without recognizing that the disparate cultural levels of the two languages may cause serious individual socio-psychological problems (Roeming, 1971).It is essential to understand how or why people are structured in societies, so that at that place can be a greater awareness of how Americans can gain a higher participation in bilingualism.Discipline 3 Modern LanguagesThe discipline of Modern Languages involves the structure of languages, syntax formation of languages, and learning capabilities of second language learners. The structure of languages can in some cases be transformed from one language to some other. Positive cognitive gains should be pass judgment from bilingualism if the second language is introduced after the child has achieved a certain threshold level of competence in his first language (Diaz, 1983).The syntax-formations of languages are sometimes similar in structure. In an intensive investigation it revealed that exposure to French facilitated the comprehension of certain English syntactic structures (Safty, 1988). Also, the learning capabilities of second language learners can sometimes be very diverse from that of native language learners. It is essential to understand the formalities of Modern L anguages, so that the congruous proposal can be assessed of bilingualism in the United States.Significant Disciplines otherwise disciplines that should be briefly studied are Economics, History, Linguistics, Political Science and Psychology. Economics involves the practice of principles and techniques by which a society decides and organizes the ownership and allocation of economic resources. History includes the social structures and the interaction of different group in society rather thatn affairs of state. Linguistics encompasses semantics, syntax, and phonology.Synchronic linguistic studies aim to describe a language as it exists at a given time diachronic studies trace a languages diachronic development. Political Science contains the nature of states, the functions performed by governments, voter behaviour, political parties, political culture, political economy and public opinion.Psychology illustrates the concerns of personalities, attitudes, motivations, and behaviour o f an individual or a group (Political Science, 2008). The disciplines listed above may be briefly included in this investigation for the purpose of the United States citizens examining the importance of increasing bilingualism or multilingualism. pop the scruple of Interdisciplinary StudiesThe purpose of this investigation is to understand, identify, and examine bilingualism in the United States. The issue of bilingualism in America is a major concern that needs to be reviewed with more than one aspect of discussion in order for all Americans to agree on the topic at hand. The interests of specific groups of people who are not able, because of language barriers, to contribute fully in our social organization should be reviewed.Also, it is ethically accurate for native speakers to maintain their mother tongue, traditions, and cultures studies. It also should to be reviewed why origin foreign language study early supports achievement of higher levels of language proficiency and why bilingualism can enhance certain cognitive skills and intellectual development.If the issues listed in this paper are understood, identified and examined then the United States could better prepare the U.S. citizens for an ever-expanding global society with specific groups interest included.BackgroundThe United States was founded on diverse cultures unifying to establish a new nation of opportunities. The history of America has demonstrated the struggles of diverse cultures trying to create a multicultural nation. One of the major concerns in the United States has been bilingualism.In the beginning Americans tried to define what the nation stood for and what customs and cultures were considered American. President Theodore Roosevelt once said, We have one language here, and that is the English language, and we denominate to see that the assimilation crucible turns our people out as Americans. These events in American history resulted in federal and state laws, judicial decisions an d administrative regulations which were largely harmonized to the idea of language rights.Official English MovementIn the nineteenth century of the United States there were languages other than English that were widely spoken, a sanitary English only struggle developed at the turn of the century as a flood of immigrates from Southern and Eastern Europe increased afraid(predicate) feelings in Americans. The Americanization movement that grew between 1900 and 1920 demanded national unity upon cultural homogeneity and a common language (Citrin, Reingold, Walters, Green, 1990).The planned drive for official English in the 1980s was what started change in America. Senator Hayakawa (Republican, California) feared that if the United States failed to promote a common language then they would create instability and polarization similar to Canada, Belgium, and other linguistically divided countries. Hayakawa first proposed an amendment to the spirit to declare English the official langu age to the United States in 1981.Hayakawa established the U.S. English, the organization which quickly became the leading advocacy group of the official English movement. Today there are 44 states and numerous countries and municipalities that have considered laws or initiatives that declare English to be their sole official language (Citrin, Reingold, Walters, Green, 1990).There are organizations that fight to make English the official language of the United States. ProEnglish is a member-supported, national, non-profit organization founded in 1994. ProEnglish is one of the organizations dedicated to making English the official language of the United States.They disapprove of such orders such as the Executive Order 13166, which states that any entity which receives federal funds must provide some(prenominal) services it offers in any foreign language spoken by anyone likely to receive those services. It says failure to do so is likely to constitute discrimination on the ass of national origin as prohibited by Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights law (ProEnglish Activism, 2008). The English only movement and the immigrants try to strive in American societies demonstrates the diverse viewpoints that their citizens hold about bilingualism.Bilingual EducationThe United States has had bilingual education since the 1840s. It was believed that a form of bilingual schooltime originated in Cincinnati in 1840. Cincinnati was one of the many communities in which the majority or a large minority of the population was German-speaking. German immigrants were coming to America in huge numbers during the ladder decades of the 19th century.There were private and parochial German schools established, furthermore German parents had to pay tuition and school taxes. As a result of the German schools the native-born Americans became concerned that speakers of other languages would be assimilated into their speech and way of life. They decided to unite the German schools with th e public schools and swayed the students to aspire to learn the German language. This resulted in students learning German and English languages together (Andersson, 1971).The 20s, 30s, and 40s were a low period for foreign languages in general, which almost disappeared from the elementary-school curriculum. On January 17, 1967, a historic bill was introduced in the Senate of the U.S. by the senior senator from Texas together with seven other senators as co-sponsors. The bill was to realise that students whose native tongue was not English would be better assisted in school.On January 2, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Bilingual Education Act, with the words, Thousands of children of Latin descent, young Indians, and others will get a better start- a better chance in school (Andersson, 1971). Federal policy in bilingual education since 1960 has been made to ensure equal educational opportunity for minority-language children of limited English proficiency (LEP) . They began because of court decisions enforcing civil rights legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal educational Opportunities Act (EEOA) of 1974 (Secada, 1990).There is a debate for Bilingual Education in which there are those who believe that the goal of the program should be to assimilate LEP students into the mainstream as quickly as possible. Then there are those that believe that the program should help develop dual language competence and literacy, multicultural awareness, and enhanced self concept which could lead to other desirable goals (Secada, 1990).In the 1960s the concept of a federal bilingual education program revealed to be politically popular, and there were more than three dozen bilingual education bills introduced into the House of Representatives. On January 17, 1967, Texas Senator Ralph Yarborough and six cosponsors introduced S. 428, the American Bilingual Education Act (BEA), an amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.This amendment was to ensure a better education to the special educational needs of the large numbers of students in the United States whose mother tongue is Spanish and to whom English is a foreign language (Lyons, 1990).The 1974 amendments lengthened the formation and operation of the BEA, they also supported the laws focus on English-language development and brush off of native-language development. The amendments also excluded federal support for two-way bilingual-education programs like the Coral Way model. Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in federally aided programs and activities and entailed on grant-making agencies accountability for guaranteeing compliance.In 1974 the United States Supreme Court delivered its first and only rejoinder to the legal responsibilities of schools serving LRP students. The case was Lau v. Nichols, a class-action suit by the parents of nearly 3000 Chinese pupi ls in the 16,500 students San Francisco public school system. There were only a microscopical percentage of students that received special instruction and the remainder received none. The plaintiffs alleged that the school districts conduct violated both the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.The plaintiffs requested that the laws be improved and the school districts policies ensure quality instruction for bilingual students. Multilingual-multicultural programs were even more indomitable in providing instruction in and development of English and at least two other languages (Lyons,1990).In the 1980s the Regan administration cut funding to the bilingual education programs and at the time there was an increase in the number of LEP children needing BEA-funding services. There were at least 3.6 million LEP students that were attending schools in the Unites States. The LEP school-age population was expected to increase, through the yea r 2000, two and one half times as fast as the general school-age population (Lyons, 1990). During Regans term in slur he appointed William J. Bennett to be his successor. Secretary Bennett announced to his citizensEarly study of foreign languages makes sense. The imitative capacities of young children give them natural advantages as language students. And language study is good for them. It allows children a taste of the size and diversity of human experience and helps them to distinguish similarities and differences between their own and other cultures and peoples. It may even have a positive effect on their command of English (Lyons, 1990).Integrated DisciplinesThe disciplines discussed in this investigation are Education, Sociology and Modern Languages. They are essential for the complete investigation of bilingualism in America. Education contains the major aspects of bilingualism in America. Education is the major reason for bilingual studies. Education is the primary reason t hat American citizens gain comprehensive correspondence of a second language.This is the reason that Education is reviewed first in this intense study. Sociology is the next discipline viewed. It is essential to the issue of bilingualism because societies determine what kind of community they confide to exist in. They vote and protest the issues that concern their communities, furthermore determine the idioms used in their societies. The last discipline that is viewed is Modern Languages because of the importance of language structures and facets. These disciplines are viewed in this order due to their importance in the issues concerning bilingualism in America.Other Bilingualism Historical EventsBeginning in the 1990s there was a clear presence of xenophobic culture in the California citizens. The California Proposition 277 in 1998 was designed to dismantle bilingual education. Also the Proposition 187 was created to make English the official language of the state. Governor Pete Wilson and other politicians made speeches using a kind of language that demonized the so-called illegal immigrants (Macedo, 2000).These events lead to other states trying to mimic Californias actions. The presence of xenophobic culture was seen much earlier in American history. It cant be forgotten the English re-education camps designed primarily to yank Native Americans mother tongues. Native American children were taken form their parents and sent to boarding schools with the main objective of cutting them off from their primitive languages and savage cultures (Macedo, 2000).The historical events that have taken place in the Unites States history have brought us to the nation you see today. Bilingualism is still a major issue among American citizens. The issue is still a major debate among our new electing partys nomination for presidency. The recent debate among the two running Democratic Partys nomination, Hillary Rodham Clinton and Barack Obama, were asked about bilingualism in the United States. Their responses to the question are below.Clintons comments I think its important for as many Americans as possible to do what I have never been able to do, and that is learn another language and try to be bilingual because that connects us to the rest of the world. I represent New York. We have 170 languages in New York City alone. And I do not think that we should be, in any way, discriminating against people who do not speak English, who use facilities like hospitals or have to go to court to enforce their rights. But I do think that English does remain an important part of the American experience. So I encourage people to become bilingual. But I also want to see English remain the common, unifying language of our country (Clinton, 2008).And Obamas Well, I think it is important that everyone learns English and that we have that process of binding ourselves together as a country. I think thats very important. I also think that every student should be learni ng a second language. I want to make sure that children who are coming out of Spanish-speaking households had the opportunity to learn and are not falling behind. If bilingual education helps them do that, I want to give them the opportunity.But I also want to make sure that English-speaking children are getting foreign languages because this world is becoming more interdependent and part of the process of Americas continued leadership in the world is going to be our readiness to communicate across boundaries, across borders, and thats something frankly where weve fallen behind (Obama, 2008).The controversy between these two Democratic presidential candidates about bilingualism reveals the major importance of bilingualism in America today. The problem requires a full investigation with the most comprehensive understanding of the issue. The issue should be viewed by all aspects of the problem. The disciplines of Education, Sociology and Modern Languages could give a full investigat ion on many facets of bilingualism in America.The concerns of bilingualism need an interdisciplinary approach due to the many aspects of the issue. The interdisciplinary approach would allow many viewpoints to be examined and ideas to be fully understood (Repko, 2005). A look back of the history of bilingualism in America is an important aspect to viewing the problems that we see today. It is essential to acknowledge the events that have taken place in America history in order to fully understand the elements of bilingualism in this nation.Reference ListAndersson, Theodore (1971). Bilingual Education The American Experience. The ModernLanguage Journal, 55, 427-440Berriz, Berta (2006). Unz Got Your Tongue What Have We Lost with the English-only Mandates?Radical Teacher, 10-15CALDigest (Pufahi, I., Rhodes, N., Christian, D.). (2001). What We Can Learn From impertinentLanguage Teaching in Other Countries. Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved September 18, 2007, from http//www.cal .org/resources/digest/0106pufahl.htmlCitrin, J., Reingold, B., Walters, E., Green, D. (1990). The Official English Movement and theSymbolic Politics of Language in the United States. The Western Political Quarterly,43, 535-559Clinton, Hillary (2008, February 21). The importance of bilingualism in America. Lecturepresented for the American public in the United States.Diaz, Rafael (1983). Thought and Two Languages The Impact of Bilingualism on CognitiveDevelopment. Review of Research in Education, 10, 23-54 encyclopedia Britannica (2006). Encyclopedia Britannica Incoporated, Merriam-Websters OnlineDictionary, Retrieved February 6, 2007, from http//www.britannica.comGardner, H., Boix-Mansilla, V. (1994) Teaching for Understanding Within and Across theDisciplines. Educational Leadership, 14-18Garica, E., Bryant, J. (2007). Helping Young Hispanic Learners. Educational Leadership, 34-39Gerstle, Gary (2001). Beyond the Melting Pot. New Leader, 28Leonard, K. (2007). English Only Is English Lonely. American Libraries, 3Lyons, James (1990). The Past and Future Directions of Federal Bilingual-Education Policy.Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 508, 66-80Lubell, M., Zahran, S., Vedlitz, A. (2007). incorporated Action and Citizen Responses to GlobalWarming, Political Behavior, 29,391-413Macedo, Donaldo ( 2000). The Colonialism of the English Only Movement. EducationalResearcher, 29, 15-24Muhlko, C. (2007). Too Cool for School. New York Times Magazine, 125,126Obama, Barack (2008, February 21 ). The importance of bilingualism in America. Lecturepresented for the American public in the United States.Pease-Alvarez, L., Hakuta, K. (1992). Enriching Our Views of Bilingualism and BilingualEducation. Edcuational Research, 21(2), 4-6+19Political science. (2008). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved February 27, 2008, fromPortes, A., Lingxin, H. (1998). E. Pluribus Unum Blingualism and Loss of Language in theSecond Generation. Sociology of Education , 7 1(4), 269-294Pratt, Mary Louise ( 2002). Whats Foreign and Whats Familiar? Modern Language Association,117(5), 1283-1287Roeming, Robert (1971). Bilingualism and the National Interest. The Modern Language Journal,55(2), 73-81Safty, Adel (1988). French Immersion and the Making of a Bilingual Society A life-sustaining Reviewand Discussion. Canadian Journal of Education ,13(2), 243-262Secada, Walter (1990). Research, Politics, and Bilingual Eduation. The Annals of the AmericanAcademy, 508, 81-106Sheriff, S. (2007). Nuestros Amigos. Teaching K-8, 46-47

Elephant the movie Essay -- essays research papers

Gus Van Sants Elephant was at once critically praised and denounced by both film reviewers and filmgoers alike. The cinematography takes you on a waltz throughout a seemingly typical day at an unnamed tall school, stopping through the journey to focus on the stereotypes of school. The jock, the quirky artist, the cliqued girls, the skateboarder, they are all represented and representative of his film. Van Sant created a film, seemingly without a staunch opinion on the horrors of the columbine shootings. The movie seems distanced from the actors and their actions an asleep participant from the tranquil introduction to the gruesome climax. His seeming lack of a solve, lack of a reason for the creation of this film, is exactly the impetus that drives its core meaning. The high school was as stereotyped and typical as possible, a campus where everyone swears theyve visited once in their life. The visceral climax is at once both slowly make up to inevitability by the characterization s of the assailants, yet it also strikes the school suddenly and without warning. Van Sants film is a series of seeming contradictions and paradoxes that create the colour that he has no stance on the Columbine shootings. His stance, however, is given away in the purposelessness of the film the idyllic simplicity of the school, and its subsequent destruction, has no purpose. The Columbine massacre had no purpose. Gus Van Sants aestheticized school builds up a introduction that seems tangible to most students. He carries every right to create his avow world and tear it back d aver. It is this beauty that he creates that makes the film so much more shocking when it ends. Aesthetic world is the concept of accepting domain as unchangeable therefore, one must find the beauty that is inherent in everyday life instead of attempting to create beauty. The idea is that aesthetic realism sees all reality including the reality that is oneself, as the aesthetic oneness of opposites, (Siegel ). In other words, life is at once changing and the same. For example, someone is the same soul when they wake up in the morning and the same person when they go to sleep at night. They havent changed. However, there have still changed as a person throughout the day, at least minutely. Change and stability both occur simultaneously. At the same time, Siegel states that it sees the largest purpose o... ...e what can be considerably related to they wouldnt be considered stereotypes otherwise. The beauty that is created during the first hour, which is denounced by Foundas as unrealistic, is subsequently destroyed in the climax. To create and destroy mediocrity would not be as stirring a rendition as Van Sants recreation of perfection coupled with his systematic disposal of it. Gus Van Sant has created a world of high school that has every stereotype. He manifests a sense of beauty in every shot he creates, with the slow arcing camera shots combined with the agreeable caricatures of the students. He finds the aesthetic realism in high school, the elegance inherent in aspects of campus life, and constructs a film around it. It is his own right to create his own view of high school, and while critics can disagree, they should not debase. The initial purposelessness should only be taken at face value it is the lack of purpose in the beginning of the film that makes the lack of purpose in the massacre more obvious. There was no reasoning behind the Columbine shootings, they were a tragic occurrence that had little logic behind it. However, Van Sants film had purpose underneath its exterior.

America’s Broken Immigration System Essay -- equal rights, human rights

There has been lots of controversy on the issues concerning a solution to Americas broken immigration system. Democratic and republican parties cant seem to agree with one an otherwise, leaving reform at a stand-still. Democrats are focused on bighearted illegal immigrants a path to citizenship while Republicans are focused on border security. The fact is both of these approaches should take to the woods in unison with each other to provide the most efficient route in fixing immigration.Providing a path to citizenship has been labeled as granting amnesty. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan introduced an amnesty plan standardized to the one being proposed as a solution for Americas current immigration problems. The 1986 bill required immigrants to prove they were not guilty of crimes, compel stricter employment laws, and only applied to those who were here before 1982. Unfortunately, this bill failed. Fraudulent documents circulated throughout the system and nearly 90% of the 1.3 m illion agricultural applications were approved dismantle though fraud had been detected in nearly one third of the applications (Swarns). Because of this failure, Republicans are reluctant to vote for amnesty today. Todays immigration reforms however, come a much better chance than they did twenty seven years ago. Technology improvements will allow officials to more closely monitor and filter the legalise applications. Electronic computer systems such as E-Verify will be put in place to help employers confirm legal status. E-Verify is an online program that compares mandatory I-9 work forms to the records of those that the Department of Homeland Security and Social Security have on the employees (What is E-Verify?). The program will provide employers with instant, secure, an... ...08 Dec. 2013.Matthews, David. How To Prevent Businesses from Hiring Illegal Immigrants. The Washington Post, 30 Jan. 2013. Web. 07 Dec. 2013.OKeefe, Ed. A Narrow Border-security Agreement Could Pave t he Way for Broad Immigration Reform. Washington Post. Washington Post, 29 July 2013. Web. 07 Dec. 2013.Outline of the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization mask of 2013. Scribd. Scribd, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2013.Press, Associated. Senate Immigration Plan Would Stiffen Border Security, Increase Surveillance. Fox naturals. FOX News Network, 10 Apr. 2013. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.Swarns, Rachel L. Failed Amnesty Legislation of 1986 Haunts the Current Immigration Bills in Congress. The New York Times. The New York Times, 23 May 2006. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.What Is E-Verify? Homepage. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.